Non‐salmonids in a salmonid fishway: what do 50 years of data tell us about past and future fish passage?

Abstract  Salmonid fishways have been used in many countries for non-salmonid fishes, including Australia, but generally with poor results. Trapping the entrance and exit of a 1:9 gradient salmonid fishway on the Murray River confirmed very poor passage of native fish, with <1% of the most abundant species ascending. Fifty years of fish passage monitoring showed the numbers of three native species declining by 95–100% and non-native fish becoming dominant. Fishways are now being designed for native fish and being quantitatively assessed, but daily flow management also needs to be addressed. The ecological model for passage of potamodromous fishes has changed from passing adults of a few species to one that incorporates the whole fish community, specifically: immature fish of large-bodied species that dominate numbers migrating upstream; a diverse range of movement strategies; and small-bodied species, crustaceans and low numbers of less-mobile species.     

Fishway effect of Cuijiaying navigation-power junction project

崔家营航电枢纽工程位于长江中游支流汉江上,是一个以航运为主,兼有发电、灌溉等综合开发功能的项目。为了减免工程对鱼类资源的不利影响,崔家营航电枢纽工程采取了修建鱼道的保护措施。为了解崔家营航电枢纽工程鱼道的过鱼效果,2012年9月19－26日,采用网具回捕和水声学监测结合的方法,对通过鱼道鱼类的种类、规格、数量和生物学性状进行了调查。结果表明,采用三层流刺网在鱼道内共捕获到11种鱼通过鱼道上溯,包括瓦氏黄颡鱼、吻鮈、鳊鱼、蛇鮈、马口鱼、圆吻鲴、犁头鳅、铜鱼、鳜鱼、鲢、,其中数量较多的为瓦氏黄颡鱼、和圆吻鲴;水声学监测了1267 min,共获得658个目标信号,平均每分钟获得0.5个目标,总体体长均值为33.50 cm,95%置信区间为30.43～36.55 cm。崔家营航电枢纽工程鱼道的建成和运行,为大坝上下游鱼类的交流和完成生活史提供了渠道,对保护汉江的渔业资源具有重要意义。     

Denil fishway utilization patterns and passage of several warmwater species relative to seasonal, thermal and hydraulic dynamics

Abstract – Two different Denil fishways on the Grand River, Ontario, were used as check-points to evaluate the upstream movement of fishes past a low-head weir and to examine the proportions and inferred swimming performance of non-salmonid warmwater fishes that used each fishway type. Traps installed at fishway exits were used to collect fish during 24-hour sampling periods, over 40–51 days each year, from 1995 to 1997. Passage rates, size selectivity, water temperature, water velocity and turbidity for the periods of maximum passage for each year were examined. General species composition from trap samples shifted from catostomids to cyprinids to ictalurids to percids and centrarchids, with some overlap, as water temperatures increased from 8 °C to 25 °C in the spring and early summer. Water depths, and therefore water velocities in each fishway, were independent of river discharge due to variable accumulations of debris on upstream trash-racks. Relationships between the water velocity and the swimming and position-holding abilities of several species emerged. Turbidity was directly related to river discharge and precipitation events, and many species demonstrated maximum fishway use during periods of increased turbidity. This study 1) provided evidence of strongly directional upstream movements among several species that were previously considered non-migratory and 2) describes physical and hydraulic conditions during fishway use for 29 non-salmonid fish species.     

Fishway entrance modifications enhance fish attraction

Two Denil fishways on the Grand River, Ontario, were monitored annually since 1994 for activity by several dozen fish species. Fishway entrances were enlarged and repositioned approximately 2 m closer to the weir face, in areas where fish were attracted by weir discharge. These simple modifications resulted in increased attraction efficiency for pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus (L.). After modifications, annual relative rate of recapture was 39% (95% confidence interval [CI]=32–46%), representing a 2.6–3-fold increase in fishway use relative to pre-modification conditions. Median daily recapture rates also increased significantly from 0% at both fishways to approximately 2%. These results suggest that fishway entrances should be located as close to a dam or weir face as possible, but velocity barriers from spillway or tailrace discharge must not compromise access.     

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and sea trout, Salmo trutta L., passage in a regulated northern river – fishway efficiency, fish entrance and environmental factors

The number and the size of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., using the Isohaara fishway was elevated by increasing the fishway discharge and by changing the type of the pass entrance. The fishway is intended to help fish bypass a hydroelectric station located close to the mouth of the large, regulated River Kemijoki, in northern Finland. Multi-sea-winter (MSW) salmon returned to the river mouth during peak flows in early June but did not use the fishway until 1 month later. Their number in the fishway was positively correlated with the tailwater level. One-sea winter (1-SW) salmon, which arrived approximately one month later, started to enter the fishway without corresponding delays. In autumn, a high tailwater level and a small drop at the fish entrance seemed to be needed for the successful passage of these small-sized salmon and sea trout, Salmo trutta L.     

A quantitative assessment of fish passage efficiency

In an attempt to restore the connectivity of fragmented river habitats, a variety of passage facilities have been installed at river barriers. Despite the cost of building these structures, there has been no quantitative evaluation of their overall success at restoring fish passage. We reviewed articles from 1960 to 2011, extracted data from 65 papers on fish passage efficiency, size and species of fish, and fishway characteristics to determine the best predictors of fishway efficiency. Because data were scarce for fishes other than salmonids (order Salmoniformes), we combined data for all non‐salmonids for our analysis. On average, downstream passage efficiency was 68.5%, slightly higher than upstream passage efficiency of 41.7%, and neither differed across the geographical regions of study. Salmonids were more successful than non‐salmonids in passing upstream (61.7 vs. 21.1%) and downstream (74.6 vs. 39.6%) through fish passage facilities. Passage efficiency differed significantly between types of fishways; pool and weir, pool and slot and natural fishways had the highest efficiencies, whereas Denil and fish locks/elevators had the lowest. Upstream passage efficiency decreased significantly with fishway slope, but increased with fishway length, and water velocity. An information‐theoretic analysis indicated that the best predictors of fish passage efficiency were order of fish (i.e. salmonids > non‐salmonids), type of fishway and length of fishway. Overall, the low efficiency of passage facilities indicated that most need to be improved to sufficiently mitigate habitat fragmentation for the complete fish community across a range of environmental conditions.     

Coastal river connectivity and the distribution of ascending juvenile European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.): Implications for conservation strategies regarding fish‐passage solutions

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Preferences of mature male brown trout and Atlantic salmon parr for orifice and weir fish pass entrances matched for peak velocities and turbulence

Abstract –  Mature male brown trout and Atlantic salmon parr were offered a choice of two fish pass entrances: a weir and an orifice. Peak velocities and turbulence were closely matched between the pass entrances. There was very strong selection for the orifice among both salmon (20 of 20) and trout (19 of 20). Combined with data in the literature, these results add to the impression that the main behavioural characteristics of salmonid fish migrating upstream through fish passes may largely be independent of size and life stage.     

The use of two nature-like fishways by some fish species in the Swedish River Emån

Abstract –  We studied the use of two nature-like fishways by 15 fish species ( N  = 240) in the River Emån in southern Sweden. Use of the fishways for both passage and as a habitat was studied by electrofishing, trap catches and PIT telemetry. Of the 187 PIT-tagged fish, 52 individuals from 10 different species ascended one of the fishways for a total passage efficiency of 74%. For the five species that most frequently ascended the fishways, the passage efficiency was 100% for tench ( Tinca tinca L.) and perch ( Perca fluviatilis L.), 86% for chub ( Leuciscus cephalus L.), 60% for burbot ( Lota lota L.) and 50% for roach ( Rutilus rutilus L.). Individuals that failed to pass the fishways were typically small cyprinids or species that were assumed to have taken up residence in the fishways, such as juvenile brown trout ( Salmo trutta L.) and burbot. The nature-like fishways have re-established longitudinal connectivity for most of the studied species and also functioned as rearing and winter habitat for a number of species.     

崔家营航电枢纽工程鱼道过鱼效果

崔家营航电枢纽工程位于长江中游支流汉江上,是一个以航运为主,兼有发电、灌溉等综合开发功能的项目。为了减免工程对鱼类资源的不利影响,崔家营航电枢纽工程采取了修建鱼道的保护措施。为了解崔家营航电枢纽工程鱼道的过鱼效果,2012年9月19-26日,采用网具回捕和水声学监测结合的方法,对通过鱼道鱼类的种类、规格、数量和生物学性状进行了调查。结果表明,采用三层流刺网在鱼道内共捕获到11种鱼通过鱼道上溯,包括瓦氏黄颡鱼、吻鮈、鳊鱼、蛇鮈、马口鱼、圆吻鲴、犁头鳅、铜鱼、鳜鱼、鲢、,其中数量较多的为瓦氏黄颡鱼、和圆吻鲴;水声学监测了1267min,共获得658个目标信号,平均每分钟获得0.5个目标,总体体长均值为33.50cm,95%置信区间为30.43～36.55cm。崔家营航电枢纽工程鱼道的建成和运行,为大坝上下游鱼类的交流和完成生活史提供了渠道,对保护汉江的渔业资源具有重要意义。